Heat the sesame oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add chicken pieces, 1 teaspoon garlic, and ginger; cook until the chicken is browned and cooked through, about 10 minutes.
In a small bowl, combine ⅓ cup soy sauce, 1 cup coconut milk, 1 cup chicken broth, 1 tablespoon red curry paste, 1 tablespoon curry powder, a pinch of turmeric powder, 1 tablespoon fish sauce, and 2 tablespoons fresh lime juice to create the sauce.
Pour the sauce over the cooked chicken and let it simmer for about 5 minutes until the flavors meld together.
Stir in ¼ cup peanut butter and ½ teaspoon red pepper flakes until smooth, then continue to cook for another 5 minutes until the sauce thickens slightly.
Assemble the lettuce wraps by placing a spoonful of the chicken mixture onto each butter lettuce leaf. Garnish with shredded carrots, chopped red cabbage, crushed roasted peanuts, and fresh cilantro.
Serve immediately with sweet chili dipping sauce on the side for added flavor.